Why is my vulva dry, itchy or sore?

Dryness, itching and soreness often go together. Dry skin itches and can feel raw or sore, and many of the things that cause itching also dry the skin. These are the most common causes. For how the vulva and vagina normally stay moist, see Is it normal to be wet down there?

Why am I suddenly dry and itchy?

Itching that starts suddenly is most often caused by thrush (see [Is it thrush? Infections that cause vulval itching]). It can also be a reaction to something new, such as a soap, wipe, washing powder, lubricant or condom. Starting a new medicine can do it too. Itching with no discharge is less likely to be thrush and more often a skin reaction or skin condition (see below).

Low oestrogen

This is the most common cause of ongoing dryness. Oestrogen falls around menopause, after giving birth and while breastfeeding, and with some treatments, such as those for breast cancer or endometriosis. The tissues become thinner, drier, itchier and more easily irritated. The vagina also becomes less acidic, which makes urine infections and bacterial vaginosis more likely.

Around menopause this is called genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), previously known as vaginal atrophy. It usually persists and can progress over time. Vaginal oestrogen is an effective, widely prescribed treatment. Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle can also cause short spells of dryness, often in the days before a period.

Skin conditions

The vulva is skin, so it can get the same conditions as skin elsewhere, including eczema, psoriasis and contact dermatitis, which is a reaction to something that touches the skin. Lichen sclerosus (sometimes spelled sclerosis) causes intense itching and white, shiny or crinkly patches. It can cause scarring if left untreated, so it needs diagnosing by a GP.

Washing and irritants

Soap, scented products, wipes, bubble bath and some detergents can strip the vulva's natural oils and trigger irritation. Warm water is enough for the vulva, and the vagina cleans itself.

Reduced blood flow

Vaginal moisture depends on circulation. Long-term low oestrogen makes blood vessels less flexible, and conditions such as diabetes can damage small blood vessels.

Hydration

Vaginal moisture comes from fluid in the blood vessels of the vaginal wall, and dehydration dries out mucous membranes throughout the body. Not drinking enough is also a common cause of constipation. A full bowel presses on the vagina and pelvic floor, which can cause discomfort.

Medications

Antihistamines, some antidepressants, some acne treatments, some hormonal contraceptives and hormone-blocking cancer treatments can all reduce moisture. Antibiotics can trigger thrush. If you suspect a medicine is the cause, a GP or pharmacist can talk through alternatives.

Stress

Stress switches on the "fight or flight" response, which can divert blood away from the pelvis. Stress, poor sleep and anxiety can all make dryness and itching worse.

When to see a GP

Dryness or itching that doesn't settle is worth getting checked, including itching with no discharge. The same goes for symptoms that come with pain during sex, bleeding, unusual discharge, sores, or skin changes such as white patches or scabbing.

References

British Menopause Society, "Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM)," Consensus Statement (November 2025) https://thebms.org.uk/publications/consensus-statements/genitourinary-syndrome-of-menopause-gsm/

NHS, "Vaginal dryness," (reviewed July 2025) https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/

NHS, "Lichen sclerosus," (reviewed December 2024)  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lichen-sclerosus/

Eczema UK, "Female genital eczema," https://www.eczema.org.uk/support/female-genital-eczema

NHS, "Constipation," (reviewed October 2023) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/